Detergents are surfactant-based formulations widely used for domestic and industrial cleaning. Conventional detergent production largely depends on petroleum-derived raw materials and energy-intensive chemical processes, which contribute to environmental pollution and
toxicity in aquatic systems. Many commonly used surfactants show poor biodegradability and can cause skin irritation due to the presence of harsh chemicals generated during sulphonation and ethoxylation processes. In recent years, increasing environmental concerns have shifted attention toward greener approaches for detergent synthesis based on the principles of green chemistry. This review highlights sustainable methods for detergent production using biodegradable surfactants derived from renewable feedstocks. Green synthesis routes such as enzymatic catalysis, solvent-free reactions, and energy-efficient processes are discussed with emphasis on waste minimization and reduced energy consumption. Bio-based surfactants synthesized from fatty acids, fatty alcohols, sugars, and amino acids demonstrate effective detergency with lower toxicity compared to conventional surfactants. Special attention is given to methyl ester sulfonate (MES), alkyl polyglucosides, and sucrose esters due to their renewable origin and high biodegradability. The performance of green detergents is evaluated based on surface activity, biodegradation behavior, and environmental compatibility. The review concludes that the application of green chemistry principles in detergent synthesis offers a sustainable alternative without compromising cleaning efficiency